Kingdom

Kingdoms R. H. Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1968, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly on differences in nutrition; his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular heterotrophs, and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.[

The Kingdom of 6 In the years around 1980 there was an emphasis on phylogeny and redefining the kingdoms to be monophyletic groups, groups made up of relatively closely related organisms. The Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi were generally reduced to core groups of closely related forms, and the others placed into the Protista. Based on RNA studies Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) into two kingdoms, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Carl Woese attempted to establish a Three Primary Kingdom (or Urkingdom) system in which Plants, Animals, Protista, and Fungi were lumped into one primary kingdom of all eukaryotes. The Eubacteria and Archaebacteria made up the other two urkingdoms. The initial use of "six Kingdom systems" represents a blending of the classic Five Kingdom system and Woese's Three Kingdom system. Such six Kingdom systems have become standard in many works.[3]
A variety of new eukaryotic kingdoms were also proposed, but most were quickly invalidated, ranked down to phyla or classes, or abandoned. The only one which is still in common use is the kingdom Chromista proposed by Cavalier-Smith, including organisms such as kelp, diatoms, and water moulds. Thus the eukaryotes are divided into three primarily heterotrophic groups, the Animalia, Fungi, and Protozoa, and two primarily photosynthetic groups, the Plantae (including red and green algae) and Chromista. However, it has not become widely used because of uncertainty over the monophyly of the latter two kingdoms.
Woese stresses genetic similarity over outward appearances and behaviour, relying on comparisons of ribosomal RNA genes at the molecular level to sort out classification categories. A plant does not look like an animal, but at the cellular level, both groups are eukaryotes, having similar subcellular organization, including cell nuclei, which the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria do not have. More importantly, plants, animals, fungi, and protists are more similar to each other in their genetic makeup at the molecular level, based on RNA studies, than they are to either the Eubacteria or Archaebacteria. Woese also found that all of the eukaryotes, lumped together as one group, are more closely related, genetically, to the Archaebacteria than they are to the Eubacteria. This means that the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are separate groups even when compared to the eukaryotes. So, Woese established the Three-domain system, clarifying that all the Eukaryotes are more closely genetically related compared to their genetic relationship to either the bacteria or the archaebacteria, without having to replace the "six kingdom systems" with a three kingdom system. The Three Domain system is a "six kingdom system" that unites the eukaryotic kingdoms into the Eukarya Domain based on their relative genetic similarity when compared to the Bacteria Domain and the Archaea Domain. Woese also recognized that the Protista Kingdom is not a monophyletic group and might be further divided at the level of Kingdom. Others have divided the Protista Kingdom into the Protozoa and the Chromista, for instance.

Archery

Archery is the practice of using a bow or crossbow to shoot arrows. Archery has historically been used in hunting and combat and has become a precision sport. A person practicing archery is called an archer, and one who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite.

History The bow seems to have been invented in the late Paleolithic or early Mesolithic. The oldest indication for its use in Europe comes from the Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg, Germany and date from the late Paleolithic Hamburgian culture (9000-8000 BC). The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15-20 centimetre (6-8 inches) long foreshaft with a flint point. There are no definite earlier bows; previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by atlatls rather than bows. The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegård swamp in Denmark. Bows eventually replaced the atlatl as the predominant means for launching shafted projectiles, on every continent except Australia.
Bows and arrows have been present in Egyptian culture since its predynastic origins. In the Levant, artifacts which may be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the Natufian culture, (ca. 12.800-10.300 BP) onwards. The Khiamian and PPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads.
Classical civilizations, notably the Persians, Parthians, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. The Sanskrit term for archery, dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general.
Archery was highly developed in Asia and in the Islamic world. In East Asia the ancient Korean civilizations were well-known for their archery skills.[1] Central Asian and American Plains tribesmen were extremely adept at archery on horseback.

from www.google.com

August 08, 2008

August )8, 2008 - Olympic Day

Many countries are set to have the golds and silvers in the upcoming Olympics held at Beijing , China

Ms. Universe 2008 is Ms. Venezuela

Ms. Universe 2008

All eyes set to see the most prestigious Ms. Universe 2008. Yesterday June 14, 2008 ( Asian Time )the Ms. Universe 2008 held in Nha Thrang Vietnam almost 80 of the lovely women acroos the globe are vying for the crown of being the Most Equally Beautiful Woman of the Year. From top 15 where 2 asians are In until the Top 10 in which the disastruos Ms. USA had a misfoutune as she tumbled a little bit during the Evening Gown Presentation. But it turned out that the 4 Latina ( Ms. Mexico, Dominican Republic, Colombia and Venezuela) and 1 Europian Women emerge as the Final Five.

It was a tough fight but the Woman whom answered the Question in her most favorable way is Ms. Diana Mendoza which is the Ms. Venezuela thus crowning her in glory. Ms. Japan ( Ms. Universe 2007) also the 1st Ms. Universe to walk in her Final Walk with Jeans.

The Wonder of Punta Dumalag!

The Wonder of Punta Dumalag

Last June 12, 2008, Together with my Aunt and other companions we gone into a beach not a resort just a plain beach place called Punta Dumalag.

It was just a simple yet very good in an adventurous people like me. In my whole entire life i am seldom engage in some adventure getaways just like scuba or snorcling.

I've been looking forward for that activities and I thank god It all happen on that day.

Davao Gulf has a many God Given Gifts from a Vast Sea to the Vast Trenches Til their fishes and some marine animals.

At a depth of 15 feet there are so many corals that are so color inviting and that really amazed me a lot and that a very silent breath from my snorcle is the only way to show my amazment. A very good place for scuba diving and there are so many nice scenaries below very natural.

The Big Summer Getaway

The 2nd Big Summer Getaway

It is a long time ago nung last kaming magkita nang aking mga kaklase nuong High School kung kaya't nagkita kami nuong April 27, 2008 sa may Lanang Beach at duon we spend time with.

Talking ang Some remincsing our past.

It is Banaba Days, 3rd year to be exact last year 2003 when last kaming magkita well super enjoy ang mga nangyari ang iba may anak na ang ibanaman ay nasa ibag lugar na and ang ib may jowa na!!

Teka ako na lang ata ang walang jowa ha!!!

well after that Summer getaway ay sumunod ang ibang getaway na kung saan ilalahad ko sa aking susunod na paglathala.


Jm
Shiningplatinum

The Big Happenings about my Summer

The Big Happenings about my Summer

March 27, 2008 As myself and the group of the SSG officers went to a place called Sitio Nam Nam in the Marilog District still in Davao City. As we departed 3 am it is very foggy and cold yet because of our willingness to help in the said place we have to survive the coldness of the place.

Well tama na ang English spokening hehehe as we arrived kasi dun sa sitio Nam Nam makikita mo talaga ang kahirapan sa lugar ikanga the said place is very simple yet surviving. Makikita mo na ang ga estudyante ay hirap sa buhay na kung saan mi tsinelas ay wala sila.

Namahagi kami ng mga Noodles at mga Damit sa lugar at nagkaroon ng maliit na presentasyon.

Pagdating ng hapon ay nagpasya ang Grupo na tahakin at tunghayan ang kagandahan ng Kagubatan ng Marilog at inakyat namin ang matarik na Mt. Timbakal.

I really enjoyed the said experience and as I go home namili muna ako ng mga stuffs tulad ng mga gulay gulay gulay hehehehe.

Hope you enjoy reading my blog!!!!


shiningplatinum